jobseekers subject to mutual obligations take longer to find work
- Written by: Ruud Gerards, Coordinating Senior Researcher, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market , Maastricht University
Under so-called mutual obligation rules, the Australian government requires the unemployed to complete activities (including training and applying for a certain number of jobs) in return for receiving unemployment benefits.
Failure to comply attracts demerit points which can lead to the loss of benefits.
The goal is meant to be to help the unemployed return to work more quickly.
But do they? Academic literature provides several reasons to think they might not.
One is self-determination theory.
The argument is that there are two types of motivation: self-authored (intrinsic motivation) and enforced by others (external motivation).
Both types can spur action, but often only the former leads to success.
Remember your parents told you to do something, rather than you deciding for yourself? We’re guessing it mattered for the end result.
External motivators needn’t work well
“Mutual obligations” and threats of penalties are external motivators. Self-determination theory says they are not likely to work well.
Another is scarcity theory.
The idea is that decision-making takes place in two separate parts of the brain — automatic decision-making in one part; careful, deliberate decision-making in another part.
The second part, scarcity theory argues, only works well if you have sufficient cognitive resources, or “bandwidth”, to use it.
Bandwidth is limited
The threat of penalties might create stress that uses up bandwidth that might otherwise be available for properly searching for jobs.
We followed the experiences of 6,253 unemployed Australians aged 15-65 who were part of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia HILDA survey between 2001 and 2019.
Because of changes in the rules governing who was subject to mutual obligations and delays in administering mutual obligations, some were subject to obligations, some were not.
In what we believe is the first study to assess the effects of Australia’s mutual obligations requirements on job search and employment outcomes, we compared the experiences of otherwise-similar Australians who were subject to mutual obligations with those who were not.
We didn’t (for instance) simply compare people who had been out of work for a short period of time and not subject to mutual obligations with people who had been unemployed for longer and were.
We matched those who were similar across about 30 dimensions and differed mainly in whether or not they were subject to mutual obligations.
Those under obligations take longer to find work
We found that those subjected to mutual obligations search just as intensively (if not more) for jobs, but that they took longer to find employment and spent less time in employment twelve months on.
Twelve months on those who had been on mutual obligations who were in employment were in lower quality jobs in terms of hourly wage, hours worked and weekly wage, than those otherwise identical Australians who had not been.
We conclude that mutual obligation as a labour market policy instrument fails the test of assisting unemployed Australians into jobs. Where it does, it gets them into jobs which aren’t as remunerative.
Bandwidth seems to matter
It is consistent with the theory that energy (“bandwidth”) spent on compliance, reduces the energy available to properly search.
It lends support to the theories of self-determination and scarcity (of bandwidth).
Our findings suggest that removing mutual obligations would improve employment outcomes in addition to removing red tape.
But they do not suggest this is sufficient for getting unemployed Australians into good jobs.
That will require sustained fiscal stimulus in excess of the kind the government is now providing to ensure there is enough work for everyone who wants work, including the 160,000 people presently underemployed.
Only then will we properly use our resources, and be able to provide a proper job for everyone who wants one.
Authors: Ruud Gerards, Coordinating Senior Researcher, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market , Maastricht University
